作者：Kelly, L., Beach, D., Blaszczak, J. et al.

There have been sporadic reports of aquatic, benthic Microcoleus proliferations in freshwater rivers, lakes, and reservoirs for four decades, with reports increasing in frequency over the last twenty years, suggesting a possible rise in their global distribution, frequency, and intensity. Microcoleus can produce anatoxins which are neurotoxic, and ingestion of toxic mats has caused hundreds of dog fatalities and raised serious human and ecological health concerns. This review synthesizes and evaluates current knowledge on Microcoleus distribution, taxonomy, toxin production, toxicity, ecology, environmental drivers, and biotic interactions. Toxin-producing Microcoleus have been reported in at least 18 countries, though many regions have not conducted toxin testing, suggesting a broader but under-reported distribution. Proliferations occur across diverse habitats, including cobble-bedded streams, large sandy rivers, reservoirs, and lakes. Microcoleus proliferations also occur on macrophytes, both in lakes and rivers. Genomic analyses currently classify anatoxin-producing Microcoleus into distinct species, with all known anatoxin-producers isolated from freshwater ecosystems. Anatoxin concentrations vary widely over space and time, within and among waterbodies. While studies on environmental drivers remain limited, research in cobble-bedded rivers suggests that moderate enrichment of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and low dissolved reactive phosphorus concentrations in the water column promote proliferation. Metagenomic approaches have revealed unique nutrient acquisition and storage strategies used by Microcoleus. Key knowledge gaps remain around the environmental and ecological triggers of proliferation, toxin production, genomic diversity and microbial interactions. Addressing these gaps through coordinated, global studies using robust datasets and consistent methods is critical to improve prediction, monitoring, and mitigation of this increasingly widespread public and ecological health threat.

过去四十年间，淡水河流、湖泊和水库中底栖微鞘藻（Microcoleus）的异常增殖时有零散报道，近二十年来此类报道的频率持续增加，暗示其全球分布范围、发生频次和增殖强度可能均呈上升趋势。微鞘藻能够产生具有神经毒性的鱼腥藻毒素（anatoxins），动物误食有毒藻席已导致数百只犬死亡，并引发了严重的人类与生态健康关切。本综述整合并评估了有关微鞘藻分布、分类、产毒、毒性、生态、环境驱动因素及生物互作等方面的现有知识。产毒微鞘藻至少在18个国家被记录，但许多地区尚未开展毒素检测，提示其实际分布更广、只是报道不足。增殖现象出现于多种生境中，包括卵石基底溪流、大型沙质河流、水库和湖泊。微鞘藻也能在湖泊和河流中的大型水生植物上附着增殖。基因组分析目前将产鱼腥藻毒素的微鞘藻划分为不同物种，且所有已知的产毒株均分离自淡水生态系统。鱼腥藻毒素浓度在不同水体以及同一水体的不同时空尺度上差异极大。虽然对环境驱动因素的研究仍然有限，但来自卵石基底河流的研究表明，水柱中中等程度的溶解性无机氮富集和较低浓度的溶解性活性磷会促进微鞘藻增殖。宏基因组学手段已揭示微鞘藻独特的养分获取和储存策略。目前的关键知识空白集中于引发增殖和毒素产生的环境与生态触发因子、基因组多样性以及微生物互作等方面。通过协调一致的全球研究、利用可靠的数据集和统一的方法来填补这些空白，对于改进预测、监测和减轻这一日益严重的公共卫生与生态威胁至关重要。

（来源：Water Research 2026  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2026.125441）